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Summary of US and UN Platforms for Action for Women, 1975-1995 Economic Equity Mexico City (1975) Legislative and constitutional action for equality of opportunity and treatment in employment Formulate policies and programs for equal opportunity and treatment of women workers and equal pay for equal work Adhere to standards for equality and conditions set by the International Labour Organization Equal access to job skills and training for women and men Revise protective legislation that refers only to women Social security programs should include women and family allowances Encourage positive attitudes towards women in the labor force through mass media Accomodate family and work responsibilities, ie. adequate child care and transportation Provide maternity protection, leave, and nursing breaks in accordance to standards set by the International Labour Organization Convention Recommendations of 1952 Recognize substantial role of women in development and place higher value on domestic/family work Trade unions and governments should encourage women's parficipation in the labor force, including management positions, and set target dates for implementing gender parity Minimum wages should be implemented to ensure women's economic security Houston (1977) Enforce all laws prohibiting discrimination in employment Extend federal laws prohibiting discrimination to legislative branch of the government. Enact timetables for equitable representation of women in all fede I ral agency management level positions and penalize agencies that do not demonstrate a "good faith" effort in achieving these goals Eliminate biases in job evaluation systems that attach a low wage rate to "traditional" women's jobs. Conduct and implement pay equity study for federal jobs Institute full employment policy so that all women who are willing and able to work can do so Establish programs within federal agencies to foster the upward mobility of women from clerical to professional positions Establish affirmative action programs with timetable to increase the number of women in "nontraditional" jobs in federal agencies Amend the Veteran Preference Act of 1944 so that veterans preference is used on a one-time-only basis for initial employment and within three years of discharge Increase the percentage of the annual dollar amount of procurement contracts awarded to women Apply Fair Labor Standards Act to household workers. Promote "flextime" jobs and prorated benefits for part-time workers. Provide low-cost, bias-free childcare Monitor compliance of subcontracts in order to assure that womenowned businesses are treated equitably. Enact legislation which will provide higher income levels so that disabled women can afford to live independently and at a decent standard of living Enforce Federal Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974 Increased Federal fundinc, for income transfer programs such as Social Security and Aid to Families with Dependent Children Set federal floor to provide an adequate standard of living based on each state's cost of living Welfare reform program should include that no individual of family living standard should be lower than half the median family income level for substantial periods and that women on welfare and other lowincome women who choose to work not be forced into jobs paying less than the prevailing wage Elimination of inequities in social security and pensions Copenhagen (1980) Increase employment opportunities for women Equal pay for work of equal value Place value on women's unpaid work for inclusion in GNP Provision of maternity and parental leave Improve working conditions and occupational mobility for women workers Encourage provision of child care, maternity protection, technical training, and health protection Inform women workers of their rights Protection against any sexuallyoriented practice that endangers women's access to jobs or undermines herjob performance Provide low-cost, culturally appropriate community-based, work-based, and work-related childcare Guarantee unemployed women training, retraining, child care, social security benefits, adequate accommodations Provide equal access to educational and training opportunities for women and girls Nairobi (1985) Legislation to provide equity in employment in formal and informal labor force Equal access to all positions of employment, equal pay for work of equal value Promote occupational desegregation of women and men Ratify and implement ILO recommendations including equal employment opportunities, equal pay for work of equal value, equal working conditions, job security, parental leave, childcare and maternity protection Provide minimum wage standards, insurance benefits, safe working conditions, and right to organize Provide women and men same right to work, unemployment benefits, protection against dismissal on grounds of pregnancy, maternity leave, or marital status Inform women workers of legal rights including freedom of association and right to organize Eliminate employment discrimination especially through wage differentials and eliminate differences in legal conditions of work Create new employment opportunities for women in traditional, non-traditional and high paying jobs Occupational health and safety, sexual harassment and sexual exploitation measures Alleviate consequences of unemployment for women by providing training opportunities job creation for women Participation of women in food security and food production programs Secure women's access to land, capital, technology, know-how and other productive resources Ensure women who are sole support of their families receive level of income and social support to enable them to be economically selfsufficient Women's Linkage Caucus (7/95) Analyze the impact of macroeconomic policies and structural adjustment programs on poverty from a gender perspective. (160a) Enforce legislation guaranteeing the right to equal pay for equal work or work of equal value. (TI67a) Increase resources allocated to eliminate poverty and target women. (16 1 a) Ensure resource allocation at all levels of the economy reflects the value of women's unremunerated work. (1167g) Review and reformulate policies to ensure that a higher proportion of lending resources reach women in remote and rural areas. (1171a) Ensure transnational corporations comply with national laws and codes, social security regulations and international environmental laws. (1167m) Adopt laws against discrimination based on sex, age, race, sexual orientation and religion in the labor market. (1167b) Set specific target dates for eliminating all forms of child labor that are contrary to accepted international standards. (1180m) Adopt policies to extend protection of labor and social security laws to parttime and temporary workers. (I 1 8 1 a) Adopt policies to extend or maintain the protection of labor laws and social security provisions to those who do paid work in the home. (1177g) Develop employment programs that facilitate women entering and/or reenteringthelabormarket. (1180e) Encourage women to take up nontraditional jobs in areas such as science and technology. (1180g) Introduce measures to provide fair and equal access to economic opportunities for migrant and internally displaced women. (1601) Enact laws that grant parental leave and parental benefits to both women and men and promote equitable sharing of responsibilities for the family by men and women through appropriate legislation, incentives and/or encourgement. (1181c) UN Draft (5/95) Conduct gender impact analyses of economic policies and programs and adjust them to promote an equitable distribution of resources and services. (60 A,C) Enforce legislation guaranteeing the right to equal pay for equal work or work of equal value. (167A,B) Allocate appropriate resources to ensure food self-sufficiency and equitable distribution within the household. (60E,F) Strengthen state-based support systems and aid to female-headed households. (60H,J) Enable women to obtain affordable housing and access to land. (60N) Create social security systems where needed, and review existing ones to promote gender equality. (107D) Minimize negative effects and enhance positive effects of structural adjustment programs. (167 Q; 62D) Use credit and savings methods that reach women in poverty.(65A,B,C) Ensure participation of women in decision-making of financial institutions. (65D) Collect gender and agedisaggregated data on poverty. Devise statistical means to make visible women's unremunerated work in the national economy. (70B;167G;209F,G) Eliminate gender bias in income and inheritance taxation.(167E,I,F) [Ensure that transnational corporations comply with national laws and codes, social security regulations, and international environmental laws.] (167M) Multilateral funders should review and implement projects to ensure that a [higher] [more equitable] proportion of resources reach women. (171 A) [Extend intrnational labor standards and worker's rights to female workers in export processing zones] (I 80A) [Extend or maintain labor laws and social security for those who do paid work at home.] [and to part-time, temporary, and seasonal workers.] (181A) [Enact and enforce laws prohibiting direct and indirect employment discrimination on grou)ids of sex, sexual orientation, [age] and parental status. (I 80 B,C,F) Promote technologies that facilitate domestic work. (I 8 1 E)
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